Roman Groma
http://www.c4dzone.com/en/download/mode ... ma-733.htm
http://media4math.wordpress.com/2011/01 ... lipcharts/
http://juliuscaesar-at-chaminade.wikisp ... ngineering
http://northernarchaeologicalassociates ... 28-PGI.htm
http://www.roman-empire.net/diverse/ree ... 005-2.html
http://www.surveyhistory.org/roman_surv ... eying1.htm
http://www.the-colosseum.net/architecture/ellipsis.htm
Edilio Boccalieri, L'uso della Groma in età romana, tratto da Esperienze e Progetti n. 125 (file PDF: http://www.baden-powell.it/ep/125/Groma.pdf)
Вот как в своем труде Герон приводит пример использования изобретенной им диоптры для постройки тоннеля Эвпалина:


Точки B и D — входы в тоннель. Рядом с точкой B выбирается точка E, от нее вдоль горы строится отрезок EF, перпендикулярный отрезку BE. Далее в обход горы строится система взаимно перпендикулярных отрезков до тех пор, пока не получают линию КL, на которой выбирают точку M и строят от нее перпендикуляр MD ко входу в тоннель D. Используя линии DN и NB, получают треугольник BND и измеряют угол α.
Техника древности
В память о забытом Героне Александрийском



Diagram of the cross section of a Roman Road. In practice, a Roman road rose a bit in the middle to allow water to drain to the sides. Source: Pavement Interactive Wiki

Groma, modern illustration.
YouTube has a handy video of a person operating the groma:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE21igwQYd4
http://travelswithnancy.com/EarlyRome/roman-technology.htm





How to use the Roman groma
http://www.travelwriter.at/005/006/carnuntum-groma.shtml
http://www.surveyhistory.org/university_of_akron1.htm

Surveyor on the march using a groma; having planted it in the ground and checked from the plumb lines that it was upright, he would take a sight along the arms or strings to make a straight line or right angle. (Illustration by Jennifer Campbell from Antony Kamm, Scotland in Roman Times, Scottish Children’s Press 1998)
http://www.the-romans.co.uk/legion.htm
http://popyah.com/search/images&search= ... ype=images

http://popyah.com/search/images&search= ... ype=images
Египетские инструменты
http://popyah.com/search/images&search= ... ype=images

http://puffin.creighton.edu
http://egiptomaniacos.top-forum.net/t31 ... strumentos
Composition and development of ancient Egyptian tools
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/trades/tools.htm
http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=1637

http://surveyingeospatial.blogspot.ru/2 ... ation.html
http://popyah.com/search/images&search= ... ype=images
http://www.romanaqueducts.info/pictured ... /tools.htm

A chorobates was composed of a wooden frame, made in the form of a beam which was fitted with a water level, and two supports at the end of the beam. The beam had a plumb bob at each end so that it could be placed square on the ground. A groove was made in the top of the beam for use as a sightline, and the beam was parallel to the water level. It enabled levels to be found between two points, and hence a series of levels.

The dioptra of Heron was originally used by Greek astronomers to measure the positions of stars. Adapted to surveying, the dioptra is similar to the theodolite which dates to the sixteenth century. It is a more accurate version of the groma. The dioptra may have been sophisticated enough to construct a tunnel. It may have been used to build the Eupalinian aqueduct but scholars disagree whether the dioptra was available that early. Screw turns on several different parts of the instrument made it easy to calibrate for very precise measurements
http://www.romanaqueducts.info/pictured ... /tools.htm
http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/corinth.html
http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/corinth.html
http://www.visioninconsciousness.org/An ... ons_14.htm
http://www.visioninconsciousness.org/An ... ons_14.htm
http://www.bridgemanart.com/asset/66003 ... h_context=
Римская грома.
http://www.aqueducs-romains.fr/ecole_de ... ain/image/
http://www.aqueducs-romains.fr/ecole_de ... roma-1.gif
http://www.aqueducs-romains.fr/ecole_de ... roma-2.gif
http://www.aqueducs-romains.fr/ecole_de ... /groma.php
http://enseignement-latin.hypotheses.org/4139
http://www.teinteresasaber.com/2011/10/ ... manas.html
http://www.leg8.com/textes/Les_agrimensores/
http://histoire-patrimoine-chaponost.as ... tances.jpg
http://histoire-patrimoine-chaponost.as ... aines.html
http://elnavegadordemercator.blogspot.r ... chive.html
http://elnavegadordemercator.blogspot.r ... chive.html
http://hevelius.bligoo.es/topografia-en-la-antiguedad
http://yustingarcia.blogspot.ru/2012/05 ... omano.html
http://nousorbewy.blogspot.ru/2013/02/h ... rafia.html
http://jasmina31.over-blog.com/article- ... 12451.html